Molecular mechanisms of hormones implicated in migraine and the translational implication for transgender patients

Migraine is a primary headache disorder recognized by the World Health Organization as one of most poorly understood and debilitating neurological conditions impacting global disability. Chronic pain disorders are more frequently diagnosed among cisgender women than men, suggesting that female sex hormones could be responsible for mediating chronic pain, including migraine and/or androgens can protective. This review discusses major gonadal hormones, estrogens, progesterone, testosterone in context molecular mechanisms which they play role pathophysiology. In addition, literature to date describing roles minor prolactin, luteinizing hormone, follicular stimulating gonadotropin releasing hormone presented. Because transgender gender non-conforming (trans*) individuals an underserved patient population gender-affirming replacement therapy (HRT) often medically necessary align biological with identity, results from populations discussed these on incidence management trans* patients.